Zoo in the head

Penguin: Pighead

Back from a few days in Norfolk, walking the whippet and getting some bits of reading done. This book was in the shop in Holt which I still think of as Gough's, though it has been Simon Finch's for years now.

I have practically zero interest in totemism (though the book is cited by John Berger in Why Look at Animals?): no, this was a purely physical thing. John McConnell's designs for Penguin University Books are always attractive, with the studied utility of the typewriter face and the black background. This one is particularly fine, with the bold yellow line and unobtrusive symmetries (the head is centred on the page; the yellow line runs up to the centre of the lettering). It puts me in mind of the pig's head on a stick in Lord of the Flies, and may have been meant to.

Book published as a Pelican in 1969, reissued in this format in 1973. I paid a fiver; seven or eight quid is standard.

Penguin: Because you're worth it

In the run-up to the royal wedding the Independent published an article by Geoffrey Robertson QC headlined "A manifesto for British republicans". We agree in principle, it's clear; but details of his argument were puzzling. Take Robertson's claim that because the Act of Settlement of 1701 adopts "the feudal principle of primogeniture (inheritance down the male line)" the future Charles III would lose his throne if he had a sex-change operation: leaving aside the slackness of his definition - primogeniture <em>qua se</em> has nothing to do with sex, and feudal systems have been run without it - isn't he just guessing? I'm pretty sure the framers of the act didn't make any specific provision for gender-reassignment, and the question has never been tested in the courts (so far as we know). It seems entirely reasonable that Queen Charlene would be permitted to remain on the throne, on the grounds that birth-sex trumps subsequent alterations.

Robertson also says that "The Act imposes anti-meritocratic race discrimination: no-one unrelated to this German family (the Windsors changed their name from Saxe-Coburg Gotha during the First World War to disguise their familial relationship with the Kaiser) can aspire to the crown". Odd to bring Germanness into the equation, if it's racism we're sweating about, and bizarre to finger the act as "anti-meritocratic" - as if monarchy isn't always and inevitably anti-meritocratic, and as if we were all agreed that meritocracy is a fine thing.

But Michael Young coined the term in a spirit of derisive irony. The Rise of the Meritocracy (1958) purports to be a history of Britain in the age of universal education, written with the benefit of hindsight from 2033: by this time the demands of a modern technological economy have led to the breakdown of the old closed shops of family and seniority; intelligence testing has ensured that promotion is conferred on the ablest and hardest-working, and in consequence the nation is run by the people best fitted to run it - a meritocracy. Meanwhile the masses, for the first time in history, are bound to recognize that "they have an inferior status - not as in the past because they were denied opportunity; but because they are inferior". But in spite of its clear justice and efficiency the system suffers strains and discontents; 2,000 shop assistants have smashed a store at Stevenage, an atomic station has been destroyed at South Shields, there has been a walk-out by domestic servants. The author wonders: "Do not the masses, for all their lack of capacity, sometimes behave as though they suffered from a sense of indignity?" A postscript notes that he died in recent disturbances at Peterloo.

The irony is at times too dry, at times clunking. In some respects Young got it wrong. Extrapolating from postwar trends, he saw Britain becoming a kind of social democracy (he was writing in the historical moment depicted in Francis Spufford's Red Plenty, when socialism looked more efficient and innovative than capitalism). He saw how important it would become for social and educational outcomes to be describable purely in measurable terms; he didn't realize that this would come to imply that the only outcomes that matter are economic ones. He didn't think comprehensive schools would last (then again, looking at the government's plans to encourage free schools, faith schools and academies, he may have got that one right). Other things he saw icy clear, though: the devaluing of experience, the discarding of the old; the university degree, cuckoo-like, pushing out all other qualifications; and he seems to have grasped the extent to which "social mobility" would be seized on by the political classes.

Suzanne Moore wrote a shrewd and funny piece in the Guardian last month about the absurdity of being lectured on social mobility by the current government, posh boys who started at the top and have been stuck there ever since. But she didn't mention the thing that bothers me: that "social mobility" is a get-out clause for the elite, a way for them to stop worrying about inequality. So long as opportunity exists, however rare, we can blame the poor for their own situation. The division of the poor into "deserving" and "undeserving" had its dark side, but the promise of social mobility allows us to abolish the category of deserving poor altogether - to be poor is now, by definition, to be undeserving. Feudalism had its advantages.

About the cover: 1965 reprint of the 1961 edition, design by Hans Unger (who I've mentioned here and here). The little faceless men must allude to Isotype, the pictorial language developed by the Viennese logical philosopher Otto Neurath. I also have the first American hardback edition, 1959: 

The US version has a black face: Young doesn't mention race even in passing.

 

 

Monday morning Penguin: a footnote

First Penguin edition, 1958.

This is another bit of unfinished business: some time back I posted Joe McLaren's cover for a collection of essays by John Berger, published as part of the Penguin Great Ideas series. I mentioned at the time that I thought it was based on Fifties Pelicans; on his flickr stream David Pearson - in overall charge of the Great Ideas covers - confirmed that McLaren was paying tribute to Victor Reinganum.

Reinganum didn't do a vast number of book jackets, though they did include the first editions of Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and The Ballad of Peckham Rye. For Penguin he did Spark's Memento Mori and this book, a drily readable guide to basic geology and palaeontology.

The cover is beautiful, I think; but oh, how quickly science-writing ages: only a brief, non-committal reference to the plausibility of Continental drift; mention of Fred Hoyle, but not the Big Bang - you don't need carbon-dating to place this in the Fifties, which is just as well since carbon dating wasn't available yet. H. H. Swinnerton was a Victorian (born 1875, so 80 when this was first published in 1955), and it shows. His chapter on volcanoes is entitled "Pluto's Portals"; and he ends the book by posing the question "Whither is all this tending?" - "all this" being, broadly, science and technology - and coming up with the answer: "The end cannot be imagined, but so long as Nature continues to hold her child upon her knee he may go forward with hope and confidence." The modern reader may wonder whether Nature has despaired of her child's behaviour and is now trying to slap some manners into him.

This edition crops up pretty often, and you should be able to find a decent example for less than £3: I paid slightly over the odds (£3.70 incl. p&p) on eBay.

 

Monday Penguin: Normal service resumed (?)

This blog has been updated very irregularly in recent months, for reasons you don't need to know; I'm hoping now to get back on to a more regular schedule, thanks to a daily intake of fluoxetine and Cadbury's Creme Eggs (I'm much more embarrassed about the latter).

To mark the relaunch, some unfinished business: appalling Iris Murdoch covers from the mid-Sixties. Lately, I came across a couple more on eBay - almost certainly not worth the money I paid, but not to have bought them would have been to leave an itch unscratched. Behold and marvel:

And when you're feeling strong enough:

The suspicion that Murdoch is being perverted into high-class Mills-and-Boonery is confirmed by the back cover copy: The Unicorn has "the depth and grandeur of some of the greatest of English romantic novels" (only "some of"? How damningly faint); while An Unofficial Rose "is in the great tradition of the English romantic novel; a love story that has not been debased by sentimentality". The whiff of condescension - Clever? Difficult? Dearie me, no - is overpowering.

All the covers in this set were designed by Raymond Hawkey; John Cole took most of the photographs, though An Unofficial Rose is by Adrian Flowers (an interesting footnote on him here).

Penguin: Dogface

First Penguin edition, 1966; cover design by C/F/F/G.

A minor by-product of the Cold War was the emergence of brainwashing as a device, or a theme, of literature - the somewhat hyperbolic assumption being that modern psychological techniques made it possible to alter or erase memories, beliefs, an entire personality. O'Brien's interrogation of Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) was an early instance; in Nigel Dennis's Cards of Identity (1955), the members of the Identity Club have the unnerving hobby of picking up passers by and turning them into servants (more on that in a week or two). Other treatments were less concerned with the philosophical implications: an early variation on the theme crops up in Operation Pax (1951), one of Michael Innes's more thrillerish adventures, in which the villain has perfected a means - chemical, I think - of reducing nations to a state of passive subservience; Richard Condon's The Manchurian Candidate (1959) revolved around the brainwashing of a platoon of GIs by North Korea, with one of them being turned into a sleeper assassin; and Len Deighton's The IPCRESS File (1962): the title is derived from a supposed acronym for Induction of Psycho-neuroses by Conditioned Reflex under strESS, and the brainwashing of the narrator is the book's climax. In The Man with the Golden Gun (1965), published after Ian Fleming's death, Bond is brainwashed into trying to assassinate M; but the vogue was already fading.

The Dog It Was that Died was published in 1962, the year of The IPCRESS File and the first film adaptation of The Manchurian Candidate. The protagonist is "Roger Farrar", a mildly overweight academic living in Dublin and researching the innocuous topic of the Irish use of the English language; but from the start it's clear that this isn't his real name, that he is on the run from something sinister back in England. In his previous life, Farrar worked at the Institute for Human Relations in Leeds, ostensibly an anodyne academic institution, in fact a government-backed centre for developing techniques to terrorise and control whole populations - brainwashing on the grand scale; now his employer, a fat functionary called Bosenwhite, wants him back.

I bought the book for its cover, not expecting much from the story, but really it's very good. True, the book's grand surprise, saved up for the last page - just who is Bosenwhite's agent in Dublin? - turns out to be no surprise at all; the details of the Institute's work kept too vague to makes Farrar's moral revulsion seem understandable. But many aspects of the book are briliantly done: Farrar's confusion and frustration as he feels his way into the arts of evasion and deceptions; the quaint pace and politeness of Dublin life, presented as an attractive alternative to English utilitarianism; the way Bosenwhite's bureaucratic good manners elide into chuckling sadism; a climactic brainwashing scene. I think I detect the influence of Michael Innes in the way the story combines ingenuity, whimsicality and existential anxiety; but it lacks the silliness and bagginess that often disfigure Innes.

The cover is a little mystifying, but still brilliant. C/F/F/G was Crosby/Fletcher/Forbes/Gill, which only existed under that name for a few months - Gill went off to America, and in the early Seventies the rest of the gang became the design house Pentagram.

Copies aren't that rare - a decent one should set you back less than a fiver. Mine cost a pound, but that was years ago.

 

Monday morning Penguin: A tenement, or pelting farm

I was put in mind of this cover by hearing Patrick Wright, at the London Review Bookshop last Thursday, talking about his new book Passport to Peking, an account of British delegations to China in the 1950s. The connection isn't all that cryptic. The cover is by Paul Hogarth (1917-2002), one of a number of artists who visited China, sent by the World Peace Organization - a Russian front, he told Wright dismissively. Hogarth is best known for his book covers - all the Penguin Shakespeares in the 1980s, but also, for years before that, his Graham Greenes (see here, for instance). But back then he saw himself as primarily an artist-reporter; and pre-Hungary, Hogarth was a dyed-in-the-wool Communist (at 19 he had run off to Spain to fight in the International Brigade). Back then, too, Wright explained, John of Gaunt's speech in Richard II, Act II scene i, was something of a shibboleth of the British left. Quoted incompletely, the speech can be taken as uncomplicatedly patriotic - "This sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars...". But the patriotic bits are only setting up the lament for national decline which is the speech's real point: "This land of such dear souls, this dear dear land, / Dear for her reputation through the world, / Is now leased out – I die pronouncing it - / Like to a tenement or pelting farm." ("Pelting" in this context is "paltry, contemptible".) They were thinking of Britain's relationship with the US; now, we might listen to the same words and think of bankers. The causes shift, the bitterness remains.

Some of Hogarth's Shakespeare covers are superb; others a little so-so. This one sits just the right side of ordinar - the cracked mirror works as an image of kingship broken, but it feels a tad generic; there's not enough to tie it down to this play. But compare and contrast David Gentleman's cover from 1969:

As Phil Baines points out in Penguin by Design, the typography of the early covers is way better (can't stand the curlicues on "Shakespeare" in the Hogarths); but with this static image of castles and men in armour, Gentleman seems to have slipped into cod medieval - it reminds me of the Beyond the Fringe Shakespeare sketch ("Oh saucy Worcester!").

The Hogarth is possibly the shabbiest cover I've posted so far - my own copy from 1986, with my name and the date written in thick red ink inside: hence the pink smears. It cost £1.50 new. The Gentleman set me back £2.29 on eBay.

Penguin: Going by the book

First Penguin edition, 1963 - 1964 reprint. 

The following letter appears in the most recent issue of the New York Review of Books:

It is truly discouraging to see, in a column by Tony Judt about sensitivity to language, “inchoate” used as a synonym for “chaotic”. Although this solecism is quite common, it still pains the ears of those few of us who are sensitive to the etymological resonances of English words. Didn’t Professor Judt learn Latin at the fancy school he went to?

"We have it in our power to begin the world over again.”—Tom Paine

Sam Abrams

Rochester, New York

To which Tony Judt replies:

Like most people of your kind, you assume too much: regarding both what I wrote and what you are qualified to infer. “Inchoate” means: “Just begun, incipient; in an initial or early stage; hence elementary, imperfect, undeveloped, immature” (OED). And that is just what I meant — the words begin to form but do not complete. If I had meant to say that they were “chaotic” I would have said so.

At the “fancy school” I attended (my education cost precisely nothing from the age of five to twenty-four: what about yours?) I was taught Latin, but also how to distinguish between knowledge and pedantry. I am glad to say that forty years later I can still smell the difference at fifty yards.

Oof. Tony Judt died on 6th August, aged 62, from the effects of motor neurone disease: this was among the very last things he wrote - at what cost, you can guess from the essay under discussion, in which he described the pain of descending inarticulacy, as limbs and then voice failed him. (In January, I mentioned that my mother died of motor neurone disease: more precisely, what killed her was progressive bulbar palsy, a form of MND that starts in the muscles of the throat and mouth, so that her voice was the first thing to go. I think not being able to speak - or at any rate, only via a Stephen Hawking-style voice synthesiser - was the thing she hated most.)

You have to admire the righteous vigour Judt brings to the pleasurable duty of slapping down a pedant; but let's not pretend there's no pleasure in pedantry, or that pedants never have a point (Bertrand Russell, The Good Citizen's Alphabet: "PEDANT — A man who likes his statements to be true"). The thing is to make sure, as Sam Abrams did not, that your pedantry is founded on correct information and sound judgement. Which is where Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English (1947) comes in.

Pedants love a book like this, full of admonitions and nice distinctions, but Partridge is no friend to the pedant - "the trouble-feast at every linguistic banquet, the spoil-sport in all word-fun, the wet blanket on all stylist ardour, the kill-joy of every verbal or syntactical exuberance, the 'sour-graping' écrivain manqué that crabs the work of the successful of the copious creative writer..." (under PEDANTRY). Partridge favours traditional usage and correctness only in so far as they are aids to clarity, and he has boundless reserves of contempt for all kinds of pretentiousness - officialese, elegancies, archaisms and literarisms.

Some of his bugbears (always to be preferred, he insists, to the Gallicism bête noire) have outlasted him to become more or less acceptable: I don't think "deft", "effete", "feral", "polymath" or "prescient" count as literarisms these days. "Toilet", which he condemns as an elegancy, I'd say has sunk almost to a vulgarism. Other elegancies he worries about are "Jehu" and "myrmidons", neither of which I'd registered as a problem, "demise" and "veritable", which have slipped down the linguistic scale to become mere journalese, and "ablutions" and "post-prandial", which are used facetiously. At times, he seems to have fallen into irrelevancy: "jannock (jonnick, -ock) is by some Lancashire people so frequently used that it seems to them to be the best of English, but I fear that it is still a rather provincial colloquialism." Seriously? I'd never come across the word: Chambers defines it as "straightforward, on the level", which is a good description of Partridge at his best. On the other hand, his caution against journalistic over-enthusiasm for the word "revelation" is more necessary than ever; reading that "motivate, motivation belong to psychiatry and educational psychology: why not leave them there?" I can only nod sadly.

In spite of age and eccentricity, Usage and Abusage is still the best guide I know to writing clearly, with sensible advice on, among many other topics, the use of italics, the subjunctive, the distinction between "ascribe" and "attribute", general themes such as "SUITABILITY and ADEQUACY", and some of Partridge's personal enthusiasms, such as thieves' CANT (you read much more on this subject in his Dictionary of Historical Slang - I'll try to scan in the Penguin cover some time).

Philosophically, Partridge had little in common with Dr. Johnson: he favoured plain speaking, disliked Latinisms and stilted, pompous language (see JOHNSONESE). But he was a lexicographer in the Johnsonian tradition - he worked independently, living by his scholarship, and his personality was so strong that it comes across even in something as brief and dry as a dictionary definition. I'm a particular fan of his Dictionary of Forces Slang (1948) - until you've browsed it, you can't really appreciate how far the war brought military language and thinking into the culture. The Wikipedia entry is as good an introduction as any.

Cover design by Derek Birdsall: the ambivalence implied by the tick/cross hybrid seems inappropriate to Partridge, but it sticks in the mind. My copy was in perfect condition when I got it, aside from the Skoob label and a tiny splash of Tippex, and a good deal at £4; it's is now somewhat worn from use, which is as it should be.

Because he knows a frightful fiend doth close behind him tread

Another spread from Andy Smith's I vil touch you with my black hand, being for the benefit of CausticCoverCritic. If we keep going, we could have the whole thing in the bag by Monday.

Penguin to the rescue

Sitting on the racks at my local Oxfam when I was donating a bootload of junk yesterday:

First printing, 1961. The illustration is by Hans Unger (1915-75 - not to be confused with the Jugendstil artist of the same name, who died in 1936). He did a few Penguin covers, some of which are to be found in 700 Penguins, and a lot of work for London Transport, including mosaics for Oxford Circus and Green Park, recently restored. A few Penguin handbooks of the period feature a penguin engaged in some task related to the book's theme - The Penguin Car Handbook (1960) had a penguin with its head buried in a car engine; this penguin is particularly nice, with its urgent stance and anxious expression.

More anxiety on the back cover:

Over 15,000 people were killed in accidents in Britain last year; 343,000 were seriously injured; and well over a million were slightly injured. Over 8,000 people died in home accidents, and others died in factories, in traffic accidents, on farms, and on the railway.

The best First Aid is prevention. This new book points out the way risks can be avoided by taking elementary precautions.

But when an accident does happen everyone should know how to deal with it. It may be some time before a doctor or ambulance can reach the injured person. Everyone should know how to make him comfortable. A slight burn or cut can, if mistreated, lead to infection and even amputation. Everyone should be able to cope with such an accident, however unimportant it may seem.

This is a book of its time, poised between the Second and Third World Wars. Accident prevention comes first:

Falls may happen to anyone and they may be caused either by an outside agency or by the physical state of the people themselves. Highly polished floors are beautiful, but they can be dangerous and care should be taken that carpets are always well nailed down... Be sure that the stair carpet is properly fixed and, above all, train everybody not to leave anything on the stairs... Be sure that footwear is in good repair and watch that belts and dressing-gown cords are properly tied or fixed... Have a net over the pram to prevent cats or other animals lying on the baby's face...

The meticulousness and slightly paranoid tone, which you might think of as typical of modern health and safety culture, hark back to the accident prevention campaigns of the Second World War, when industrial accidents could hamper the war effort (on this topic, Paul Rennie is the oracle). The book ends with a chapter on "Civil Defence" - essentially, what to do when the bomb drops. Perhaps not surprisingly, it has little practical advice to offer for the aftermath of a nuclear attack, though it does say twice that the main symptoms of radiation sickness are vomiting, restlessness and shock (I imagine anybody who isn't vomiting, restless or shocked after a nuclear attack gets to be prime minister).

In between, you can't complain that they skimp on detail. From Chapter 2, "Structure and Functions of the Body":

The body is most simply divided into the head, the trunk, and the limbs. The bone of the head forms the skull, which provides the bony cavity containing the brain and also the organization of the bones forming the face. The head is connected with the trunk by means of the neck with seven cervical vertebrae at the back. From the head the gullet leads to the stomach and in front of it is the trachea or windpipe which leads into the lungs. The bones of the neck are the commencement of the spinal column, which extends down the back of the body and is attached to the pelvis or lower part, to which in their turn are attached the two lower limbs. The upper limbs are joined to the upper part of the body at the juncture of the shoulder blade and collar bone.

Them dry bones, eh?

There are chapters on first aid in the home, on the road, at the seaside (especially enjoyable; at any rate, it put me in a holiday mood) and on the farm. And all for 99p.

UPDATE: RoSPA (the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents) has a beautiful selection of Second World War safety posters by Tom Eckersley online: "Replace Covers - Prevent Falls" adorns our staircase. Paul Rennie puts it all in context in Eye magazine.

Back from the grave

Apologies for the long hiatus - entirely unplanned. Life blossoms, and sometimes the pollen makes you sneeze. Let the saga continue to unfold: